Zusammenfassung
Im Jahr 2009 kann auf eine 40-jährige Geschichte des Internets zurückgeblickt werden.
Während die meisten Nutzer das Internet in der Regel kontrolliert gebrauchen, entwickelt
sich bei anderen ein Verlust der Fähigkeit, die Häufigkeit und Dauer der Internetaktivitäten
zu begrenzen. Mit wachsendem Ausmaß können der exzessive Zeitverbrauch und die Einengung
des Verhaltensraums zu dramatischen psychosozialen Konsequenzen führen. Ein solches
Phänomen wird als „pathologischer Internetgebrauch” bezeichnet. Im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums
der Gesundheit wurde ein Systematisches Review der seit 1996 publizierten wissenschaftlichen
Literatur erstellt. Die Hauptergebnisse werden in der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit
präsentiert. Angaben zur Prävalenz des pathologischen Internetgebrauchs sind aufgrund
methodischer Schwierigkeiten bei der Diagnose dieses neuen Störungsbildes zurückhaltend
zu beurteilen. In internationalen Studien schwanken die Angaben zwischen 1,6 % und
8,2 %. Für Deutschland existieren keine Daten aus repräsentativen Stichproben. Geeignete
reliable und valide Untersuchungsinstrumente fehlen. Eine Übersetzung und deutsche
Normierung der „Compulsive Internet Use Scale” wird empfohlen. Vorliegende Studien
sprechen mehrheitlich für eine hohe Komorbidität des pathologischen Internetgebrauchs
mit anderen psychiatrischen Störungen, wobei das gemeinsame Auftreten mit affektiven
sowie Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Hyperaktivitäts-Störungen (ADHS) am besten belegt ist.
Unklar bleibt dabei die Art des Zusammenhangs. Vorliegende Therapieansätze basieren
vorwiegend auf in der Behandlung stoffgebundener Abhängigkeiten bewährten Ansätzen.
Eine evidenzbasierte Behandlungsempfehlung ist mangels aussagekräftiger Studien nicht
möglich.
Abstract
In 2009, we can look back on a history of 40 years of internet use. While most consumers
make use of the internet in a controlled fashion, a progressive loss of the ability
to control the frequency and duration of internet activities emerges in some users.
As a consequence, the excessive time devoted to internet use and the behavioural narrowing
can lead to dramatical psychosocial outcomes. This phenomenon is referred to as ”pathological
internet use” (PIU). On behalf of the German ministry of health a systematic review
of the literature since 1996 has been carried out. The main results will be presented
in this review. Prevalence data on pathological internet use are limited by methodological
difficulties concerning the diagnosis and the heterogeneity of diagnostical instruments.
International prevalence rates range from 1.5 % to 8.2 %. Annual studies on representative
samples of the German population describe their internet use and patterns of use,
but information on the prevalence of PIU is missing. Diagnostical instruments are
needed that show sufficient reliability and validity and allow international comparisons.
Research on the Dutch ”Compulsive Internet Use Scale” may close this gap. Cross-sectional
studies on samples of patients report high comorbidity of PIU with psychiatric disorders,
e. g. affective disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). If PIU
and these co-occurring disorders could be explained by shared risk factors or better
as secondary disorders is largely unknown. The treatment currently is based on therapeutical
interventions and strategies successful in the treatment of substance use disorders.
Due to the lack of methodological sufficient research it is currently impossible to
recommend any evidence-based treatment of PIU.
Schlüsselwörter
Internetsucht - pathologischer Internetgebrauch - Computersucht
Key words
pathological internet use - internet addiction - PIU
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Dr. Kay Uwe Petersen
Deutsches Zentrum für Suchtfragen des Kindes- und Jugendalters (DZSKJ), Zentrum für
Psychosoziale Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf
Martinistr. 52
20246 Hamburg
Email: kapeters@uke.uni-hamburg.de